Semen Volume Research

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According to the Department of Environmental Health at the University of Washington, lead exposure can decrease semen volume. You can be exposed to lead in drinking water, and foods like dark chocolate. Many protein powders are also high in lead, so if you’re trying to increase your volume, consider a water filter, and watch your dark chocolate intake.

Alexander BH, Checkoway H, Faustman EM, van Netten C, Muller CH, Ewers TG. Contrasting associations of blood and semen lead concentrations with semen quality among lead smelter workers. Am J Ind Med. 1998 Nov;34(5):464-9.

News from the Harvard School of Public Health suggests that there is a relationship between your daily cholesterol intake and your ejaculate volume. So while eggs are definitely a superfood, you may want to cut back a little if you’re trying to increase your volume.

Chavarro JE, Mínguez-Alarcón L, Mendiola J, Cutillas-Tolín A, López-Espín JJ, Torres-Cantero AM. Trans fatty acid intake is inversely related to total s perm count in young healthy men. Hum Reprod. 2014 Mar;29(3):429-40.

Good news out of Greece! Research published in the journal of Andrology shows that statin use does not decrease ejaculate volume!

Anagnostis P, Papanikolaou D, Ioannidou PG, Bosdou JK, Mikhailidis DP, Hatzimouratidis K, Goulis DG. The effect of statins on semen parameters in patients with hypercholesterolemia: A systematic review. Andrology. 2021 Sep;9(5):1504-1511.

'BPA free' doesn’t always mean ‘safe.’ BPS or bisphenol S is sometimes used in products marketed as BPA free, such as some receipts, inside some cans and clothing. Long term exposure to BPS can cause a significantly lower ejaculate volume and a lower total sperm.

Jeseta M, Kalina J, Franzova K, Fialkova S, Hosek J, Mekinova L, Crha I, Kempisty B, Ventruba P, Navratilova J. Cross sectional study on exposure to BPA and its analogues and semen parameters in Czech men. Environ Pollut. 2024 Mar 15;345:123445.

Research shows that people who used their laptops for 2 to 5 hours daily were approximately 16 times more likely to be diagnosed with low semen volume (hypospermia)

Sterling L, Carroll K, Harris LR. Laptop and tablet use and their influence on total motile s perm count parameters: are laptops linked to infertility in Jamaican men? Rev Int Androl. 2024 Dec;22(4):25-32.

According to the International society of sexual medicine, men usually produce the most semen when they’re in their early thirties, and there is a pronounced drop off in total volume after age 55.

https://www.issm.info/

The prostate-specific antigen (PSA) blood test is commonly used to screen for prostate cancer. However your PSA can increase 1 hour after ejaculation, but returns to normal by 24 hours. Keep this in mind next time you’re being tested.

Rajaei M, Momeni A, Kheiri S, Ghaheri H. Effect of ejaculation on serum prostate specific antigen level in screening and non-screening population. J Res Med Sci. 2013 May;18(5):387-90.

Dehydration can reduce semen volume. Drinking enough water and fluids can help increase semen production

Shi X, Chan CPS, Waters T, Chi L, Chan DYL, Li TC. Lifestyle and demographic factors associated with human semen quality and sperm function. Syst Biol Reprod Med. 2018 Oct;64(5):358-367. 

After age 55 semen volume begins to decrease dramatically

Shi, X., Chan, C. P. S., Waters, T., Chi, L., Chan, D. Y. L., & Li, T. C. (2018). Lifestyle and demographic factors associated with human semen quality and sperm function. Systems Biology in Reproductive Medicine, 64(5), 358–367. 

Did you know that a high coffee consumption can decrease your volume? Keep it to 3 cups or less if you’re concerned about your volume.

Shi, X., Chan, C. P. S., Waters, T., Chi, L., Chan, D. Y. L., & Li, T. C. (2018). Lifestyle and demographic factors associated with human semen quality and sperm function. Systems Biology in Reproductive Medicine, 64(5), 358–367. 

Good news for all you Sauna Lovers, regular sauna use does not decrease Ejaculate volume

Hoang-Thi AP, Dang-Thi AT, Phan-Van S, Nguyen-Ba T, Truong-Thi PL, Le-Minh T, Nguyen-Vu QH, Nguyen-Thanh T. The Impact of High Ambient Temperature on Human Sperm Parameters: A Meta-Analysis. Iran J Public Health. 2022 Apr;51(4):710-723.

Regular use of pain killers like Aspirin and Acetomenophen can reduce ejaculate volume.

Banihani SA. Effect of paracetamol on semen quality. Andrologia. 2018 Feb;50(1). Banihani SA. Effect of aspirin on semen quality: A review. Andrologia. 2020 Feb;52(1):e13487.

Ejaculate volume showed a linear decline with increasing BMI and Waist Circumference.

Eisenberg ML, Kim S, Chen Z, Sundaram R, Schisterman EF, Buck Louis GM. The relationship between male BMI and waist circumference on semen quality: data from the LIFE study. Hum Reprod. 2014 Feb;29(2):193-200.

5α-reductase inhibitors, alpha-blockers like tamsulosin, ACE inhibitors and diuretics can all impair sexual function, decrease semen volume and negatively affect sperm parameters, depending on dose and treatment duration.

Samplaski MK, Nangia AK. Adverse effects of common medications on male fertility. Nat Rev Urol. 2015 Jul;12(7):401-13.

New research investigating the sleep habits of 690 men found that sleeping less that 6 hours per night resulted in an over 11% decrease in semen volume compared to sleeping for 7 to 9 hours per night.

Coleman CM, Wesselink AK, Yland JJ, Sommer GJ, Eisenberg ML, Bertisch SM, Rothman KJ, Hatch EE, Wise LA. A North American preconception study of sleep health and semen quality. Hum Reprod. 2025 Dec 2:deaf228.

Men Ejaculate Larger Volumes of Semen,  when exposed to Images of Novel Women.

Joseph, P.N., Sharma, R.K., Agarwal, A. et al. Men Ejaculate Larger Volumes of Semen, More Motile Sperm, and More Quickly when Exposed to Images of Novel Women. Evolutionary Psychological Science 1, 195–200 (2015).

Regular Marijuana use can reduce ejaculate volume

Hehemann MC, Raheem OA, Rajanahally S, Holt S, Chen T, Fustok JN, Song K, Rylander H, Chow E, Ostrowski KA, Muller CH, Walsh TJ. Evaluation of the impact of marijuana use on semen quality: a prospective analysis. Ther Adv Urol. 2021 Jul 20;13:17562872211032484.

Research suggest that semen volume and motility had significantly decreased between 1981–1985 and 2000–2006, 

Mukhopadhyay D, Varghese AC, Pal M, Banerjee SK, Bhattacharyya AK, Sharma RK, Agarwal A (2010) Semen quality and age-specific changes: a study between two decades on 3,729 male partners of couples with normal sperm count and attending an andrology laboratory for in/fertility-related problems in an Indian city. Fertil Steril 93:2247–2254.

Surprisingly, some supplements can lower semen volume. Vitamin E supplementation may reduce Semen volume

Wang R, Wang S, Song Y, Zhou H, Pan Y, Liu L, Niu S, Liu X. Effect of vitamin E on Semen Quality Parameters: A Meta-Analysis of a Randomized Controlled Trial. Urol J. 2022 Nov 8;19(5):343-351.

After adjustment and compared with men with no supplement intake, men with fish oil supplement intake on fewer than 60 days had semen volume that was 0.38 (95% CI, -0.03 to 0.80) mL higher, and men with fish oil supplement intake on 60 or more days had semen volume that was 0.64 (95% CI, 0.15 to 1.12) mL higher (P for trend < .001).

Jensen TK, Priskorn L, Holmboe SA, Nassan FL, Andersson AM, Dalgård C, Petersen JH, Chavarro JE, Jørgensen N. Associations of Fish Oil Supplement Use With Testicular Function in Young Men. JAMA Netw Open. 2020 Jan 3;3(1):e1919462.

Data from 9 observational studies showed a positive association between the adherence to Mediterranean Diet and total semen volume

Agarwal R, Salas-Salvadó J, Davila-Cordova E, Shyam S, Fernández de la Puente M, Azurmendi MP, Babio N, Salas-Huetos A. Mediterranean Diet, Semen Quality, and Medically Assisted Reproductive Outcomes in the Male Population: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Adv Nutr. 2025 Aug;16(8):100454.

A moderate consumption of alcohol did not adversely affect semen parameters.

Ricci E, Al Beitawi S, Cipriani S, Candiani M, Chiaffarino F, Viganò P, Noli S, Parazzini F. Semen quality and alcohol intake: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Reprod Biomed Online. 2017 Jan;34(1):38-47.

Supplemental Vitamin C intake can increase semen volume in otherwise healthy university-aged men.

Mínguez-Alarcón L, Mendiola J, López-Espín JJ, Sarabia-Cos L, Vivero-Salmerón G, Vioque J, Navarrete-Muñoz EM, Torres-Cantero AM. Dietary intake of antioxidant nutrients is associated with semen quality in young university students. Hum Reprod. 2012 Sep;27(9):2807-14.

Iron levels are associated with Semen volume with Low iron being a risk factor in low semen volume. Improving iron levels improves semen volume.

Mehta S, Goyal L, Meena ML, Gulati S, Sharma N, Harshvardhan L, Jain G, Mehta S. Assessment of Pituitary Gonadal Axis and Sperm Parameters in Anemic Eugonadal Males Before and After Correction of Iron Deficiency Anemia. J Assoc Physicians India. 2018 Sep;66(9):11-12.

Soliman A, Yassin M, De Sanctis V. Intravenous iron replacement therapy in eugonadal males with iron-deficiency anemia: Effects on pituitary gonadal axis and sperm parameters; A pilot study. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2014 May;18(3):310-6.

According to researchers at Stanford University Low Semen Volume is associated with an overall Higher Risk of Death

Eisenberg ML, Li S, Behr B, Cullen MR, Galusha D, Lamb DJ, Lipshultz LI. Semen quality, infertility and mortality in the USA. Hum Reprod. 2014 Jul;29(7):1567-74.

Processed red meat intake (defined as the sum of hamburger, hot dog, bacon, and other processed red meats (e.g. salami)) but not Unprocessed red meat intake (beef, pork, and ham) is associated with a decrease in ejaculate volume.

Afeiche MC, Williams PL, Gaskins AJ, Mendiola J, Jørgensen N, Swan SH, Chavarro JE. Meat intake and reproductive parameters among young men. Epidemiology. 2014 May;25(3):323-30.

According to the University of California, Berkeley, semen volume decreased by 0.03 ml per year of age

B. Eskenazi, A.J. Wyrobek, E. Sloter, S.A. Kidd, L. Moore, S. Young, D. Moore, The association of age and semen quality in healthy men, Human Reproduction, Volume 18, Issue 2, February 2003, Pages 447–454

According to Mount Sinai, a "normal" ejaculate volume for a man is considered to be between 1.5 and 5 milliliters.

https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/tests/semen-analysis

In the  the first 4 days following ejaculation, semen volume increases by 11.9% per day

Carlsen E, Petersen JH, Andersson AM, et al. Effects of ejaculatory frequency and season on variations in semen quality. Fertil Steril 2004;82:358-66.

In a recent study MICROPLASTICS were found in the semen of every single subject in the study.

Hu CJ, Garcia MA, Nihart A, Liu R, Yin L, Adolphi N, Gallego DF, Kang H, Campen MJ, Yu X. Microplastic presence in dog and human testis and its potential association with sperm count and weights of testis and epididymis. Toxicol Sci. 2024 Aug 1;200(2):235-240.

Sperm concentration and total amount per ejaculate were significantly lower in summer and higher in winter.

Mao H, Feng L, Yang WX. Environmental factors contributed to circannual rhythm of semen quality. Chronobiol Int. 2017;34(3):411-425.

More intense orgasm and more satisfaction was reported by 58.4% of women if husbands ejaculated intravaginally without a condom.

Younis, Ihab; Ibrahim, Samah E.; Habib, Amany K.M.. Male ejaculation may enhance woman’s orgasm and satisfaction. Egyptian Journal of Dermatology and Venereology 41(2):p 97-102, July-December 2021.

53% of women perceived the quantity of husbands ejaculate as an expression of their own sexual attractiveness.

Younis, Ihab; Ibrahim, Samah E.; Habib, Amany K.M.. Male ejaculation may enhance woman’s orgasm and satisfaction. Egyptian Journal of Dermatology and Venereology 41(2):p 97-102, July-December 2021.

Research suggests that men who get most turned on by cum shots are the ones who have positive attitudes toward women.

Gardos, P. S., & Mosher, D. L. (1999). Gender Differences in Reactions to Viewing Pornographic Vignettes: Essential or Interpretive? Journal of Psychology & Human Sexuality, 11(2), 65–83.

Research suggests a link between depression and decreased ejaculate volume, indicating that men experiencing depression may have a lower semen volume compared to those without depression; with the severity of depression often correlating to a greater reduction in ejaculate volume. 

Ye YX, Chen HG, Sun B, Chen YJ, Duan P, Meng TQ, Xiong CL, Wang YX, Pan A. Associations between depression, oxidative stress, and semen quality among 1,000 healthy men screened as potential sperm donors. Fertil Steril. 2022 Jan;117(1):86-94. 

Schlegel PN. Depression and semen quality. Fertil Steril. 2022 Jan;117(1):95.

Chemicals found in semen may pass through the vaginal lining and have anti-depressant properties.

Gallup GG Jr, Burch RL, Platek SM. Does semen have antidepressant properties? Arch Sex Behav. 2002 Jun;31(3):289-93.

Semen volume is increased in manual laborers, illustrating a link between physical activity and semen volume.

Pokhrel G, Yihao S, Wangcheng W, Khatiwada SU, Zhongyang S, Jianqiao Y, Yucong Z, Xiaming L, Dan Z, Jihong L. The impact of sociodemographic characteristics, lifestyle, work exposure and medical history on semen parameters in young Chinese men: A cross-sectional study. Andrologia. 2019 Sep;51(8):e13324. 

In a 2015 study out of Harvard it was found that 17% of the men studies had an ejaculate volume of less that 1.5 mL, that's around 1/4 of a teaspoon.

Afeiche MC, Bridges ND, Williams PL, Gaskins AJ, Tanrikut C, Petrozza JC, Hauser R, Chavarro JE. Dairy intake and semen quality among men attending a fertility clinic. Fertil Steril. 2014 May;101(5):1280-7.

Obesity is associated with low testosterone and low ejaculate volume.

Bieniek JM, Kashanian JA, Deibert CM, Grober ED, Lo KC, Brannigan RE, Sandlow JI, Jarvi KA. Influence of increasing body mass index on semen and reproductive hormonal parameters in a multi-institutional cohort of subfertile men. Fertil Steril. 2016 Oct;106(5):1070-1075.

Low Testosterone is associated with low ejaculate volume, and testosterone supplementation increases semen volume.

Bhasin S, Enzlin P, Coviello A, Basson R. Sexual dysfunction in men and women with endocrine disorders. Lancet. 2007 Feb 17;369(9561):597-611.

This can occur even when the Low Testosterone is due to Nutrition and weight loss issues.

Udagawa K, Nomura S. Nutritional hypogonadotropic hypogonadism presented with decreased ejaculatory volume. Int J Urol. 2005 Feb;12(2):225-7. 

Finasteride for hair loss can cause reduced libido, decreased ejaculate volume and is linked to the development of gynaecomastia. 

Libecco JF, Bergfeld WF. Finasteride in the treatment of alopecia. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2004 Apr;5(4):933-40. 

Interestingly, both hypo and hyperthyroid has been associated with a decreased semen volume.

La Vignera S, Vita R. Thyroid dysfunction and semen quality. International Journal of Immunopathology and Pharmacology. 2018;32.

Diabetes is associated with low ejaculate volume.

Padrón RS, Dambay A, Suárez R, Más J. Semen analyses in adolescent diabetic patients. Acta Diabetol Lat. 1984 Apr-Jun;21(2):115-21.

Researchers analyzed semen samples from nearly 80,000 men and tracked their mortality rates over up to 50 years and found a linear relationship between lifespan and semen volume.

Priskorn L, Lindahl-Jacobsen R, Jensen TK, Holmboe SA, Hansen LS, Kriegbaum M, Lind BS, Siersma V, Andersen CL, Jørgensen N. Semen quality and lifespan: a study of 78 284 men followed for up to 50 years. Hum Reprod. 2025 Mar 5:deaf023. 

After the age of 45, semen volume gradually decreases due to functional decline of accessory glands. 

Gunes S, Hekim GN, Arslan MA, Asci R. Effects of aging on the male reproductive system. J Assist Reprod Genet. 2016 Apr;33(4):441-54.

Excessive Running for 4 to 6 months has been found to decrease ejaculate volume.

Aerts A, Temmerman A, Vanhie A, Vanderschueren D, Antonio L. The Effect of Endurance Exercise on Semen Quality in Male Athletes: A Systematic Review. Sports Med Open. 2024 Jun 11;10(1):72

Phthalates are a type of chemical used in industrial manufacturing. They are considered "endocrine disruptors," and higher phthalate exposure is correlated with lower testosterone, semen volume, and sperm count

Specht I.O., Toft G., Hougaard K.S., Lindh C.H., Lenters V., Jönsson B.A., Heederik D., Giwercman A., Bonde J.P.E. Associations between serum phthalates and biomarkers of reproductive function in 589 adult men. Environ. Int. 2014;66:146–156.

High ejaculation frequency was linked to a decreased risk of prostate cancer. Compared to men who reported 4–7 ejaculations per month across their lifetimes, men who ejaculated 21 or more times a month enjoyed a 31% lower risk of prostate cancer

And the results held up to rigorous statistical evaluation even after other lifestyle factors and the frequency of PSA testing were taken into account.

Rider JR, Wilson KM, Sinnott JA, Kelly RS, Mucci LA, Giovannucci EL. Ejaculation Frequency and Risk of Prostate Cancer: Updated Results with an Additional Decade of Follow-up. Eur Urol. 2016 Dec;70(6):974-982. (The Harvard ejaculation study)

Increased semen viscosity (thickness) is a sign of prostate dysfunction.

Eliasson R 1973 Parameters of male fertility. In: Human Reproduction: Conception and Contraception, 39-51. Eds Hafez E, Evans T. Harper & Rowe, Hagerstown.

60 823 individuals, the mean ejaculated seminal volume was 3.4 ml, with median volume 3.1 ml, interquartile range 2.2, 4.3 ml, max 14.5 ml, and standard deviation 1.7 ml 

A Fernandez, AS Balakrishnan, A Belarmino, KD Li, M Bowman, J Lindsey, SA Kentfield, D Civello, BN Breyer, JF Smith, (134) AM I NORMAL? EJACULATE VOLUME NOMOGRAMS FROM > 60 000 INDIVIDUALS, The Journal of Sexual Medicine, Volume 21, Issue Supplement_7, December 2024, qdae167.131, 

Compared with men without depression, those with severe depression had a 25.26% lower semen volume, and men with moderate depression had a 12.28% lower semen volume. 

Ye YX, Chen HG, Sun B, Chen YJ, Duan P, Meng TQ, Xiong CL, Wang YX, Pan A. Associations between depression, oxidative stress, and semen quality among 1,000 healthy men screened as potential sperm donors. Fertil Steril. 2022 Jan;117(1):86-94

A low semen volume is a marker of a sedentary lifestyle.

Lalinde-Acevedo PC, Mayorga-Torres BJM, Agarwal A, du Plessis SS, Ahmad G, Cadavid ÁP, Cardona Maya WD. Physically Active Men Show Better Semen Parameters than Their Sedentary Counterparts. Int J Fertil Steril. 2017 Oct;11(3):156-165.

Semen quality and male infertility may be fundamental biomarkers of overall health and could serve as harbingers for the development of comorbidity and mortality.

Choy JT & Eisenberg ML. (2018) Male infertility as a window to health. Fertil Steril 110, 810–814.

In a study of more than 14,000 men it was discovered that having hypertension (high blood pressure) was significantly linked to having a low semen volume.

Greenberg DR, Gago LC, Kumar SKSR, Panken EJ, Asanad K, Sun Z, Brannigan RE, Halpern JA. The association of hypertension and antihypertensive medications on semen parameters among men presenting for fertility evaluation. Andrology. 2025 Nov;13(8):2083-2090.

Semen Volume begins to decrease when a man gets over 23% body fat.

Ehala-Aleksejev K, Punab M. The different surrogate measures of adiposity in relation to semen quality and serum reproductive hormone levels among Estonian fertile men. Andrology. 2015 Mar;3(2):225-34.

Chronic cycling is associated with a reduced semen volume s volume (1.66 mL vs. 3.64mL) about a half teaspoon difference.

Kipandula W, Lampiao F. Semen profiles of young men involved as bicycle taxi cyclists in Mangochi District, Malawi: A case-control study. Malawi Med J. 2015 Dec;27(4):151-3.

Forty studies were selected from databases examining the effect of alcohol consumption on male reproductive health in 23,258 people on five continents of the world. The meta-analysis revealed that alcohol intake reduced semen volume during each ejaculation (SMD = −0.51; 95% CI −0.77, −0.25).

Nguyen-Thanh T, Hoang-Thi AP, Anh Thu DT. Investigating the association between alcohol intake and male reproductive function: A current meta-analysis. Heliyon. 2023 Apr 24;9(5):e15723.

Lecithin is a naturally occurring fatty substance referred to as phospholipid. Although the term lecithin is sometimes used generically to refer to a wide variety of lipids (including choline and glycine), it is most commonly associated with phosphatidylcholine, a precursor for choline.

Lecithins are a type of phospholipid that is unique in its ability to attract both water and fats. They’re important parts of the brain, blood, nerves, and other tissues.  Studies suggest that lecithin reduces cholesterol, reduces stress, and improves cognition and is important for Brain Health. Lecithin has also been shown to increase semen volume in many animal studies.

Attia YA, Kamel KI. Semen quality, testosterone, seminal plasma biochemical and antioxidant profiles of rabbit bucks fed diets supplemented with different concentrations of soybean lecithin. Animal. 2012 May;6(5):824-33.

Shabani S, Mehri M, Shirmohammad F, Sharafi M. Enhancement of sperm quality and fertility-related parameters in Hubbard grandparent rooster fed diets supplemented with soybean lecithin and vitamin E. Poult Sci. 2022 Mar;101(3):101635.

Maca is a plant that originated in Peru. It grows in the extreme altitudes of the Andes and is a natural remedy that has been used for thousands of years to treat specific health issues, including infertility and low sex drive. In the last 20 years research has begun to accumulate showing Maca can increase semen volume in otherwise normal men.

Gonzales GF, Cordova A, Gonzales C, Chung A, Vega K, Villena A. Lepidium meyenii (Maca) improved semen parameters in adult men. Asian J Androl. 2001 Dec;3(4):301-3.

Lee MS, Lee HW, You S, Ha KT. The use of maca (Lepidium meyenii) to improve semen quality: A systematic review. Maturitas. 2016 Oct;92:64-69. 

Melnikovova I., Fait T., Kolarova M., Fernandez E. C., Milella L. (2015). Effect of lepidium meyenii walp. On semen parameters and serum hormone levels in healthy adult men: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled pilot study. Evid. Based complement . Altern. Med. 2015, 324369.

N. sativa, or ‘black seeds’ grow in many Middle Eastern countries. Previous studies have indicated many medical properties of black seeds, including immunomodulatory activities as well as anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and antioxidative effects.  Supplementation with Black Seed has been found to benefit men’s health including a noted increase semen volume.

Results showed that sperm count, motility and morphology and semen volume, pH and round cells were improved significantly in N. sativa  treated group compared with placebo group after 2 months.

Kolahdooz M, Nasri S, Modarres SZ, Kianbakht S, Huseini HF. Effects of Nigella sativa L. seed oil on abnormal semen quality in infertile men: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Phytomedicine. 2014 May 15;21(6):901-5. 

Mossa, Mina & Ali, Mohmed & Hadi, Azzawi. (2013). The use of Nigella sativa as a single agent in treatment of male infertility ‫. Tikrit Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 9. 10.25130/tjphs.2013.9.1.2.19.29

Pumpkin seed extract  is a concentrated source of nutrients and antioxidants derived from pumpkin seeds. Its health benefits include supporting heart health, improving prostate health, and potentially boosting male fertility and urinary tract health

Pumpkin seed extract increases Nitric Oxide in corpus cavernosa, and increases semen volume and parameters of overall semen health.

Akomolafe, Seun & Olasehinde, Tosin & Bukola, Aluko. (2021). Diets supplemented with raw and roasted pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L) seeds improved some biochemical parameters associated with erectile function in rats. Journal of Food Biochemistry. 45.

Baqer J. Hasan and Zainab Fadhil Abbas (2022) Effect of pumpkin seed on semen parameters (volume, concentration and motility). Biochem. Cell. Arch. 22, 1947-1951.

Theil G, Richter M, Schulze M, Köttig T, Patz B, Heim S, Krauß Y, Markov M, Fornara P. Extract from Cucurbita pepo improves BPH symptoms without affecting sexual function: a 24-month non-interventional study. World J Urol. 2022 Jul;40(7):1769-1775. doi: 10.1007/s00345-022-04036-w. Epub 2022 May 27. Erratum in: World J Urol. 2022 Oct;40(10):2589-2590.

in 1,431 men with Benign prostatic hyperplasia, 12 months of treatment with pumpkin seed led to a clinically relevant reduction in International Prostate Symptom Score compared with placebo.

Goswami A, Singh S. To Investigate the Potential Mechanisms By Which A Combination of Zinc, Fructose, And Pumpkin Seeds Affects Infertility-Related Diseases. J Neonatal Surg [Internet]. 2025Aug.27 [cited 2025Sep.13];14(32S):7966-80.

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